Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Article Analysis The Nursing Shortage Essay - 1703 Words

Article Analysis: The Nursing Shortage Nursing shortages have occurred in health care throughout history, and especially since World War II. Just as the legion of baby boomers is about to swell the need for quality health care, Americas nursing population is aging and more nurses are moving into primary care settings and into other disciplines. As a result, Americas hospitals and other institutions need more nurses, especially those who deliver specialized care. As a healthcare provider and businessman this topic is of a special interest to me because nursing shortage have caused my business to loose million of dollars in the past five years. This paper examines the nursing shortage in the health care industry, the use of†¦show more content†¦The purpose of this study is two fold: (1) to identify if there are shortage of nurses and recommend a prevention model that would assist nurse executives in attracting and retaining nurses in the acute hospital setting and provides recommendations on how best to increase the nursing supply. (2) to examine the relationship among health care professionals, commitment to the organization, and perceptions of collaboration among nurses and physicians. During a major nursing shortage in the early 1980s, the American Academy of Nursing (AAN) conducted an extensive research project to identify hospitals in New York that was successful in recruiting and retaining nurses. The objective of the project was to evaluate characteristics of hospital structures that supported professional nursing practice (Aiken et al., 2000). The result of this research lead to the following questions that guided this study: (a) did the nurses consider the hospital a good place to practice nursing; (b) did the hospital have the ability to recruit and retain nurses (c) was the hospital located in an area, within a city, considered to be in a competitive marketplace and; (d) will team collaborative effort with other health care team improve patient outcome. This study used a cross-sectional, non- experimental, retrospective design to identify the hiring criteria, vacancies, nurse-patient ratio, job satisfactionShow MoreRelatedPICOT and Literature Review Worksheet1574 Words   |  6 Pagesthat nursing can change and select key words for a literature search. Directions: Use the form below to complete the PICOT assignment in Milestone #1. This includes filling in the table with information about your research question and your PICO(T) elements, as well as answering the Search Technique questions. Step 1: Identify the Problem. What have you noticed in your work or school environment that isnt achieving the desired patient or learning outcomes? What needs to change in nursing, whatRead MoreThe Global Nursing Shortage : Development Of Strategies For Primary Focus On Nursing Staff Attraction And Retention1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe global nursing shortage leads to the development of strategies which primary focus on nursing staff attraction and retention. According to Quill, a nursing shortage continuously increases due to obvious reasons such as burnout, retirement, long shift hours, underpayments, injuries, and overall job dissatisfaction. â€Å"As of 2010, 40% of registered nurses in the USA are older than age 50 and planning for retirement† (Quill, 2012). Quill points out that nursing shortage was considered as a â€Å"globalRead MoreEconomic Tool and Concepts1121 Words   |  5 Pagesthe shortage of nurses. It is perceive by the health care industry the shortage of nursing supply than the demand across the country. The demand for nurses in every health care organization growth in a daily basic as the technology advance. The consumers are always demanding for more personalize and quality of health care services at the time they are seeking for health care delivery creating nurses supply to be less in every health organization. A few probable reasons for nursing shortage withinRead MoreThe Critical Appraisal Skills Programme967 Words   |  4 Pagesthe use of the CASP tool, the article was examined by this author to determine if the results of the study were valid, what the results were, and what application or purpose they support. The qualitative study demonstrates attrition from nursing, contributing factors, and possible solutions to maintain nurses in the profession. Aims The goal of the qualitative research article was the work that nurses do in the profession, and why attrition rates are high in the nursing profession. The authors assertRead MoreA Short Supply Of Registered Nurses1629 Words   |  7 Pagescomplicated further because nursing schools have limited capacity to deal with the demand increase for healthcare as the US concentrates in injecting reforms to the care sector. As a result, there has emerged a public outcry over the deficit. Ideally, such a shortage jeopardizes the safety of patients and the country’s health. Ideally, this paper will dissect the problem of the nursing shortage, causes and the possible solution to the issue. An Overview of the Nursing shortage in the US Alexander RobbinsRead MoreQualitative Research878 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is so stressful about caring for a dying patient? Nursing 314 – Research February 3, 2013 What is so stressful about caring for a dying patient? Death is something that we all have to deal with, be it in our profession or in our daily lives. This article discusses the reasons why caring for dying patients is stressful for nurses and is a high risk for burn out. The article also gives findings related to the study and gives recommendations based on the results. The study shows thatRead MoreE Health Records : The Healthcare And Its Ancillary Industries838 Words   |  4 Pagesthe number of patients. INDUSTRY OVERVIEW The success for any Hospital and residential care facility is directly related to its nursing staff. How patients are looked after by the nurses affects their health, recovery and safety. With the increasing number of Americans in the age category of 60 and above the demand for nurses is only increasing. As per SHRM1 nursing is one of the toughest jobs and nearly 1/3rd of the new jobs will be in this industry with growth rate of 19% up till 2022, moreoverRead MoreArticle Review of Retaining Nurses and Other Hospital Workers: An Intergenerational Perspective of the Work Climate836 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Article Review: Nurse Retention Introduction: Nursing is a field in which personnel must contend with a wide variance of daily challenges, both specific to the job itself and more generally as a result of labor conditions within the field. The latter issue in particular implicates a nation-wide nursing shortage, where matters such poor nurse-to-patient ratios, long working hours and low morale have contributed to a generally high turnover within this field. The result is that any given medicalRead MoreThe Global Issue Of Mental Health And Shortage Of Nursing Staff1692 Words   |  7 Pagesaim of this utilization review is compare and contrast the global issue of mental health and shortage of nursing staff. Mental health is not the primary choice of nursing students when they graduate, and there is a shortage of psychiatric nurses as the older generation is coming closer to retirement. Across the states in Australia, studies have been conducted by Registered Nurses to survey and analyze nursing students and their field of pref erence after graduation. From the studies analyzed in thisRead MoreWhy Are Nurses Leaving? Findings From An Initial Qualitative Study On Nursing Attrition?874 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy on nursing attrition†. The title is clear. The phenomena being studied is evident that while an abundance of data exist regarding the RN who stays at the bedside, few studies have explored the perceptions of the RN who decides to leave clinical nursing. More information should be provided in the title in order to inform the reader about the article’s content Abstract The abstract is shorter than a typical abstract at 67 words. The abstract manages to answer that the nursing shortage remains

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Symptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder - 1909 Words

When you hear the word bipolar what do you think? Do you think of people that cannot seem to ever be in a stable mood? I know I do. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out daily activities. There are multiple types of bipolar disorders and all of them deal with mood changes. The four different types of bipolar disorders are, Bipolar I, Bipolar II, which Chris Brown has which will be discussed later, Cyclothymic Disorder (cyclothymia), and other specified and unspecified bipolar disorders. Bipolar I disorder is known as manic episodes that last at least 7 days, or by manic symptoms that are severe†¦show more content†¦Here are some symptoms of people having a depressive episode: they may feel very sad, have very little energy, have decreased activity levels, feel worried and empty, forget things, and many other things. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), is a disorder that develops in some people who have experienced a shocking, scary, or dangerous event. When I think about PTSD I think about veterans that have been in combat or have experienced a traumatic experience in the military. During PTSD fear triggers many split-second changes in the body to help defend against danger or to avoid it. People that have PTSD may feel stressed or frightened even when they are not in danger. There are five parts to PTSD: normal stress response, acute stress response, acute stress disorder, uncomplicated PTSD, comorbid PTSD, and complex PTSD. Normal stress response occurs when healthy adults who have been exposed to a single discrete traumatic event in adulthood experience intense bad memories, emotional numbing, feelings of unreality, being cut off from relationships or bodily tension and distress. Acute stress disorder is noted by panic reactions, mental confusion dissociation, severe insomnia, suspiciousness, and being unable to manage in self-care, work, and in relationship activities. Uncomplicated PTSD persistent reexperiencing of traumatic event, avoidance of stimuliShow MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Treatment854 Words   |  4 Pagesmedical condition known as bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is when a person suffers from severe shifts in mood and energy. In most cases, bipolar disorder can be treated and people with the illness can live normal and productive lives with the help of medication and or therapy. Aiken, C. (2010). Family Experiences of Bipolar Disorder: The Ups, the Downs and the Bits in Between. Retrieved from Ebsco Host. In this book the author discusses her own dealings with Bipolar Disorder. She goes on to say howRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1489 Words   |  6 PagesDiego City College Bipolar disorder, also called manic-depressive disorder, is a disease that affects thousands of people all over the United States of America. According to Sarris (2011) approximately 1-2% of adults will be affected by bipolar disorder in their lifetime. While some individuals may go undiagnosed, the prevalence percentage can raise to as much as 4% when including milder subclinical presentations (Sarris, 2011). Bipolar disorder can cause severe dysfunction in theRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1125 Words   |  5 Pageswith several mental disorders. The major diagnosis would be bipolar disorder. She also suffers from borderline personality disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety. The American Psychiatric Association s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder defines bipolar disorder as a recurrent mood disorder that includes periods of mania or mixed episodes of mania and depression (Murphy, 2012, p. 44-50). It was previously kn own as manic depressive disorder. It is most commonRead MoreBipolar Disorder Treatments : Symptoms And Symptoms2309 Words   |  10 Pages Bipolar Disorder Treatments Kelly Miazga Metropolitan State University December 8th 2014 â€Æ' Bipolar disorder treatments Introduction Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression or bipolar affective disorder is a mood disorder where the patient experiences episodes of extreme highs known as mania and extreme lows known as depression. Periods of mania and depression vary per person. A person who is displaying a manic episode shows typical symptoms of elevated mood, extreme happiness or irritabilityRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Treatment2115 Words   |  9 Pages Bipolar Disorder The Bipolar disorder or you can call it manic depression, it is a often diagnosed and draining frame or state of mind disorder which causes huge shifts in temperament and frame of mind. The word bipolar means that the two main polar extremes in which a person with the disorder experiences. According a part of the National Institutes of Health that watches over neurological and psychological research this disorder affects about 2.1 million adultsRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder963 Words   |  4 Pagesthat goes by we hear someone being labeled as bipolar or another celebrity is getting diagnosed as being bipolar after their spurts of erratic behavior. I had to ask the question, does anyone really know what it means to be bipolar? Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks (NIMH). Suffering from bipolar disorder can mean su ffering from drastic changes in moodRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1274 Words   |  6 Pagesconclusion, Ben Tang was diagnosed with bipolar II disorder indicated by DSM-5 at age 47. He experienced symptoms such as feeling depressed, suicidal thoughts, and worthlessness in depressive episodes. He experienced symptoms such as racing mind, trouble falling asleep, and committing reckless behaviors in hypomanic episodes. It can be challenging to live with bipolar disorder because the symptoms can be hard to deal with. There are several ways to manage bipolar disorder, include medications, support groupRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1220 Words   |  5 PagesThe history of bipolar disorder is perhaps just as complex as the condition itself. Bipolar is highly recognized as a treatable disorder. The more we learn about bipolar disorder, the more people may be able to receive the help that they need. Centuries passed and little new was discovered about bipolar disorder until French psychiatrist Jean-Pierre Falret published an article in 1851 describing what he called â€Å"la folie circulaire,† which translates to circular insanity. The article details peopleRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder762 Words   |  4 Pages Bipolar Disorder 2 Disorder history, In the 19th century psychiatry, mania had a broad meaning of craziness, hypomania was equated by some concepts of â€Å"partial insanity† or monomania. Bipolar disorder origins in 1854, Jules Baillarger and Jean-Pierre Falret, independently present descriptions of the disorder to Academie de Medicine in Paris. German neuropsychiatrist Emanuel Mendel in 1881 wrote â€Å"that heRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1442 Words   |  6 Pagesmental illness. For example, manic depressive illness, or bipolar disorder, is a cognitive disease which affects â€Å"about 2.6% of the U.S. population† every year (DBSA). Along with the vast number of patients stricken with bipolar, are also a plethora of symptoms, with researchers and patients reporting, â€Å"unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and (an inability) to carry out day-to-day tasks† (NIMH). Along with the symptoms of bipolar are several factors that contribute to the presence of the

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Cross Cultural Team Management Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cross Cultural Team Management. Answer: The global teams often face the challenge of successfulmanagement of the cross-cultural teams. The global teams should have fairness, consistency and responsiveness as they have vast operations (Carter et al. 2015). There are different challenges that are being faced by the global teams such as different time zones, cultural differences, language backgrounds and limited face-to face interaction. The earlier assignment failed to identify the solutions for managing the challenges of managing the global teams (Holmqvist and Ericson 2014). It is important to understand the ways of creating strong portfolio teams. This research paper would strive to seek various ways of managing the global teams in a smooth manner. Project Objectives The project would aim to identify the various ways of smooth management of the cross-cultural teams. There are instances when the global managers either lack the time or lack the knowledge of better utilization of the cross border teams. This research aims to provide suitable answers to the problems faced by the global managers. Project Scope In a multinational work place, the working groups are often polarized and they often have issues with interacting with each other. There are often issues with the understanding of the roles and responsibilities in a global team, which often leads to misunderstandings that reduces the operational efficiency. This project strives to provide effective solutions that are based in the practical implementation of the global team management. The project scope measures the implementation of the initiatives in a transparent environment so that there can be project success. The implementation of the solutions in companies belonging to same geographical domain is outside the scope of this research. Literature Review As defined by Thomas and Peterson (2017), thecross cultural team management is concerned with themanagement of the work teams in such a manner that it addresses the differences in the practices, preferences and cultures of the consumers in a global context. The earlier assignment focused on the important issues that are faced by the cross border managers in an international context. The global teams operate in a challenging work environment where there are inadequate interactions with each other. The initiation of the internet and the related technologies has led to an increase of the cross border teams. However, there are certain issues associated with the global team functioning. There is perception of power among the global teams and there is often much indifference that comes up between them (Moran, Abramson and Moran 2014). There are instances when there are an increased number of stereotypes and there are situations when there are cultural stereotypes involved. There are issues with the employee engagement initiatives and there are instances of linguistic barriers between the global teams located in different geographical domains. The managers often complain that there are losses in the coordination and they often lack the vision to manage the cross-border teams. There are instances of technical communication glitch and there are also instances of lack of participation of the team members in increasing the organizational productivity. As commented by Katzenbach and Smith (2015), one of the most unique solutions of solving global teams issues are treating the team as one and preventing the competition among the same team in the same organizations. It is important to eliminate the I parameter and instead focus on the cohesive teams. There should be more emphasis on the team building activities and the teams should not be limited to particular geographical locations only. The teams should comprise of the employees belonging to different geographical locations but working in the same project or for the same division. It is important to increase collaboration so that there is a feeling of togetherness among the cross border employees (Bui et al. 2016). The global team owners should inform their team about all the possible happenings in the organizations. If the employees are well informed about the important decisions of the management, then there are less likely to be clashes in the team. The knowledge transfer and en lightening is important for efficient functioning of the remote team (Reiche, Mendenhall and Stahl 2016). This can be done through the use of different telecommunications network. It is also important to do foster regular communication over the virtual network. Most of the challenges would be sorted out if the team interact more with each other on a regular basis. Cole, Balcetis and Dunning (2013) argued that the perceived proximity is important for mitigating the various discontinuities of the virtual factor of the global teams. The employees often presume that there are issues with the perceived proximity. But, the perceived proximity gives a sense of co-location benefits while the employees do not have to have to work from one particular location. The employees should be made to believe that the employees located in other geographical locations are their peers from whom they can gain sufficient guidance. The managers should strive to make an environment of trust among the global teams so that there is minimal conflict in the team. Research Question/ Hypothesis The following would be the research questions for this particular research- What would be the possible solutions of the cross border management issues? How are the managers likely to solve the issues of global teams? How can the global teams lead to better organizational efficiency? Research Design and Methodology This research would involve the use of the mixed research method in which there would be usage of both Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research. The combination method would help in better collection of data and there would be improved quality of data. Data Collection Method The qualitative research would be performed with the study of the literature, online sources, online publications, company official websites, government records and other relevant online sources. The quantitative research would take place with the help of online surveys and face to face interviews. Target participant The employees from the age group of 25-45 years would be considered from this research. Only the employees of multinational companies would be considered for the purpose of data collection. The managers who are handling the cross border teams would be used for the purpose of this research. Sample Size The sample size for this research is 70 and it would be based on simple random sampling. There would be multinational companies involved in the research and the participants would be chosen randomly from 5 companies. A sample of 14 employees would be selected from each of the five multinational companies and hence the total interviewed candidates would be 70. Research location The research would be performed in both online and offline locations. In the online research, the surveys would be sent over the emails and the employees of the organizations would be shared a survey link on which they can answer the questionnaire. The offline mode of research would be carried out with the help of multinational companies which would belong to different industries. The employees would be asked about their viewpoints on the topic and they would also be asked according to the questionnaires. This would enable the collection of data within limited time frame. Resources for research The resources required for this research would be questionnaires, computer, Google forms, email, telephone and others. It is also important to gather the contacts of the multinational companies from which the data collection would be done. Data Analysis The primary mode of data collection would be Microsoft Excel, in which the data from quantitative research would be analyzed (Anderson Sweeney and Williams 2014). The data analysis would be performed via the usage of pie-charts, charts, tables, bar graphs and scatter diagrams. The qualitative data analysis would be performed with the help of critical observation and analytical techniques. Ethical Standards The ethical considerations used in the research are as under (DeCamp et al. 2017)- No participants were forced for this research and all the correspondents have given their voluntary responses. The research data are handled in a confidential manner and they were not disclosed with a third party. There is no fabrication of data or falsification of the data and only real responses are recorded. Research Limitations The limitations of the research would commence when the research would be actually carried out. There are instances that there would be lack of reliable data for the quantitative research, which would make the survey ineffective (Velte and Stawinoga 2016). There are also chances of lack of availability of the global managers from which the best data can be collected. The project may not stick to the timelines and there would be unnecessary delay of the project. Time Schedule WEEK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 PROJECT ACTIVITIES Identification research rationale Aim and Objectives of research Research Questions Justification of research question Expected outcomes of research project Research Techniques Sample Size Sample approach Research Location Data Collection Data analysis Limitations of project Conclusion The cross border management of the teams is an important aspect of the global teams of modern times. It is important that the cross-border issues are managed in an urgent manner. This research aimed to provide solutions for the various problems associated with the cross border management. The global teams should be managed carefully so that there is an overall increase in the organizational productivity. It is also important to create a sense of belonging to the employees working in remote locations so that there are greater team cohesion. References Anderson, D., Sweeney, D. and Williams, T., 2014.Modern business statistics with Microsoft Excel. Nelson Education. Bui, H.T., Baruch, Y., Chau, V.S. and He, H.W., 2016. Team learning: The missing construct from a cross-cultural examination of higher education.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,33(1), pp.29-51. Carter, D.R., Seely, P.W., Dagosta, J., DeChurch, L.A. and Zaccaro, S.J., 2015. Leadership for global virtual teams: Facilitating teamwork processes. InLeading Global Teams(pp. 225-252). Springer New York. Cole, S., Balcetis, E. and Dunning, D., 2013. Affective signals of threat increase perceived proximity.Psychological science,24(1), pp.34-40. DeCamp, M., Crump, J.A., Sugarman, J., Todd, T., Walker, X. and Ali, A., 2017. 13 Existing and emerging ethical standards in global health education.Global Health Experiential Education: From Theory to Practice. Holmqvist, J. and Ericson, A., 2014. HOW GLOBAL TEAMS SHARE EXPERIENCESA STUDY OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES. InDS 77: Proceedings of the DESIGN 2014 13th International Design Conference. Katzenbach, J.R. and Smith, D.K., 2015.The wisdom of teams: Creating the high-performance organization. Harvard Business Review Press. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Reiche, B.S., Mendenhall, M.E. and Stahl, G.K. eds., 2016.Readings and cases in international human resource management. Taylor Francis. Thomas, D.C. and Peterson, M.F., 2017.Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. Velte, P. and Stawinoga, M., 2016. Integrated reporting: the current state of empirical research, limitations and future research implications.Journal of Management Control, pp.1-46.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

The Two Voices Of The Seafarer Essays - Christian Poetry

The Two Voices Of The Seafarer The Two Voices of The Seafarer There is much argument in the literary field as to whether there is more than one speaker in the Old English poem The Seafarer. In this brief essay we will look at some of the previous criticisms of the last two centuries, and through them attempt to prove that the speaker of the poem is the same one throughout. The author of The Seafarer is unknown. Its manuscript is untitled and unique, and is thought to have been inscribed around 975 AD. It survives on four pages of the Exeter Anthology which was given to the Exeter Cathedral in England, by the Archbishop Leofric, who died in 1072 AD. The Seafarer is a poem about an Anglo-Saxon man who, having apparently been banished from his home, has taken to the sea. John Pope, one of the foremost critics of the poem, postulated, and it is now generally accepted, that it is composed of three parts. Part A1, covering lines 1 through 33a, is believed to be the story of an inexperienced young sailor who tells of his hardships at sea. Part A2, lines 33b to 64a or 66a, and part B, 64b or 66b through 124, is told by an eager young sailor who loves the sea. An epilogue is usually believed to be contained in lines 103 through 124 (Pope, 177). Jove Popes greatest critical adversary, Stanley Greenfield, believed that A1 is details a voyage the speaker was forced to undergo, and that the purpose of A2 is to emphasize the speakers choice to undertake a current journey (Greenfield, 107). The poem begins by telling us of how the young seafarer has often suffered times of hardship / and have experienced / bitter anxiety. He is journeying into a world of loneliness and a destiny away from his comitatus, his meadhall, and his lord. At times he despises his life at sea: Oppressed by cold my feet were bound by frost / In icy bonds, while worries simmered hot / About my heart, and hunger from within / Tore the sea-weary spirit... (The Seafarer, Line 8). At others, he celebrates it: ...Even now my heart / Journeys beyond its confines, and my thoughts / Over the sea, across the whale's domain, / Travel afar the regions of the earth, / And then come back to me with greed and longing. / The cuckoo cries, incites the eager breast / On to the whales roads irresistibly, / Over the wide expanses of the sea, (The Seafarer, Line 58). In Anglo-Saxon society a warrior believed in lof: he received glory by his valor in battle; his accomplishments in life. If his deeds were sufficiently notable his name would live on long after he died, granting him immortality. The Seafarer believes that Sickness, old age, the sword, each one of these/ May end the lives of doomed and transient men. / Therefore for every warrior the best / Memorial is the praise of living men (The Seafarer, Line 68). Halfway through the poem we see a drastic turn. Part A has mentioned almost nothing spiritual, only speaking of the hard life of a man who lives at sea. In the beginning of part B, in line 64b, however, he changes his thus far Anglo-Saxon tone to that of a pious Christian: Because the joys of God mean more to me / Than this dead transitory life on land. The conversion of Anglo-Saxon England was relatively quick. It went from a culture which had a comitatus conscience to one that was dominated by an individual, Christian conscience. Even during his musings on God, the speaker still laments The singing gull instead of mead in hall (The Seafarer, 23), the loss of dear friends, (The Seafarer, 15), and the lord he once had. At times it seems like the poet is attempting to reconcile the tensions between the two different cultures. In one of the first know criticisms of the poem, Max Rieger in 1869 postulated that the poem is of one writer and speaks of a dialogue between two individuals; an eager young sailor and an older more cautious one (Rieger, 313). He believed that the